ERA5 data (1980–2021) is model-derived reanalysis — the global research standard, not direct measurement. Sensor data (Jan 2022+) is Earth Pulse hardware on-site.
Overview · 1980–2025
The Numbers That Define Baner's Climate
Annual averages across the full 45-year ERA5 + sensor record. Hover cards for context.
—Mean annual temperature (°C)
—Highest recorded temperature (°C)
—Lowest recorded temperature (°C)
—Avg monsoon rainfall (mm/yr)
—Wettest year on record (mm)
—Driest monsoon on record (mm)
📊 Reading the record
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Temperature · Long-term Trend
Baner is Warming
Annual mean temperature 1980–2025. The trend line reveals a statistically clear warming signal over 45 years.
Annual Mean Temperature
Each bar = yearly average. Orange line = 10-year rolling mean.
Seasonal Temperature Breakdown
How each season (Winter/Pre-monsoon/Monsoon/Post-monsoon) has shifted decade by decade.
Temperature · Anomaly
Years Hotter or Cooler Than the Baseline
Each year compared to the 1981–2010 climatological baseline. Red = warmer than average. Blue = cooler.
🌡️ What the anomalies tell us
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Rainfall · Monsoon History
45 Monsoon Seasons in One View
June–September total precipitation per year. Colour intensity = rainfall amount. Hover for exact value.
Annual Monsoon Rainfall 1980–2025
JJAS (June–September) cumulative precipitation in mm. Dashed line = 45-year average.
Decade · Comparison
How Each Decade Differs
Key climate averages aggregated by decade. A structured way to see long-term drift.
Global Signals · ENSO
El Niño Years — Felt Here Too
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the single largest driver of year-to-year rainfall variability over the Western Ghats. Strong El Niño events suppress the Indian Summer Monsoon, while La Niña tends to enhance it.
El Niño Years vs Normal: Monsoon Rainfall Comparison
Average JJAS rainfall during El Niño years vs neutral vs La Niña years at Baner.
🌊 How ENSO reaches Baner
During a strong El Niño event, warming in the central/eastern Pacific weakens the Walker Circulation — the planetary-scale atmospheric engine that drives moisture from the Arabian Sea into the Indian subcontinent. The result at Baner is typically a 15–30% deficit in June–September rainfall, drier soils on Baner Hill, and reduced bird activity during what should be the peak breeding season. La Niña years show the reverse: enhanced monsoon, higher NDVI on the hill, and more waterbird detections.
Microclimate · Solar & Humidity
Sunshine and Humidity Trends
Annual mean solar radiation and humidity from ERA5. These shape the Western Ghats ecosystem more than temperature alone.
Annual Mean Solar Radiation (W/m²)
Shortwave radiation at surface — key driver of evapotranspiration and vegetation health.
Annual Mean Relative Humidity (%)
Higher humidity during monsoon decades supports richer biodiversity on Baner Hill.
Records · Extremes
All-Time Baner Climate Records
Extremes extracted from the full ERA5 + sensor record. These are model-grid values — local peaks may differ.
Understanding the Data
Frequently Asked Questions
Data Sources
Where This Data Comes From
ERA5 Reanalysis (1980–2021): Copernicus Climate Change Service / ECMWF. Accessed via
Open-Meteo Historical Archive API (open-access, non-commercial). ERA5 is the global standard for historical climate reanalysis at ~9km resolution.
Sensor Data (January 2022–present): Earth Pulse Raspberry Pi node (baner_01), Baner, Pune. Temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and precipitation from Open-Meteo ECMWF forecast API; hyperlocal rain and wind from Weather Union station ZWL008983.
ENSO Classification: El Niño/La Niña year designations from
NOAA Climate Prediction Center (ONI index).
This page is part of
Earth Pulse — an independent citizen science environmental observatory, Baner, Pune. Data is provided for research and educational purposes. See our
Terms of Use.